Seminar

Flood

  1
WMO/GWP Associated Programme on Flood Management
BANGLADESH:  FLOOD MANAGEMENT
A.N.H. Akhtar Hossain
1



Abstract.   Information is provided about the approach and long-year experience on flood
management in that country, with strategies that have seen continuous change after a number of
disastrous floods.  Of interest is in particular the introduction of an integrated approach for flood
management, which has been reflected in recent plans for flood and water management

1. Location

Bangladesh is situated in the south Asian sub-continent. Because of its unique geographical
location and topography, it is one of the most flood-prone countries in the world. Approximately 20
to 25% of Bangladesh’s territory is inundated during the monsoon season. Such flooding provides
fertile agricultural land and the floodplains in the country are densely populated and intensely
utilized. On the other hand, at least 50 to 70% of the country’s territory is exposed to intermittent
extreme flooding that has far-reaching negative impacts on the national economy. Flood
management in Bangladesh is, therefore, perceived  as an indispensable component of poverty
reduction initiatives.  

2. Nature of floods

The country has a unique hydrological regime. It has 230 rivers, of which 57 are international,
Bangladesh in most cases being the lower riparian country. Of the three large transboundary river
systems (Ganges, Brahmaputra and Meghna), only 7% of their huge catchment areas lies in
Bangladesh. The major rivers have a length of 500 to 2500 km and width range from 1 km to 20
km, with very flat slopes.

The seasonal flooding regime has been characterized by means of inundation of the different land
types, which have been divided into five categories, ranging from very low to high land. Except
high lands (which cover 29% of the country’s total area), all other types are subjected to flood
inundation to different degrees. Excepting very low lands, human settlements can be found in all
other land categories.

Bangladesh generally experiences four types of floods. Flash floods occur during mid-April before
the on-set of the south-westerly monsoon. Rain-fed floods generally happen in the deltas in the
south-western part of the country and are increasing in low-lying urban areas. River floods are the
most common; the areas are inundated during monsoon season along the river and in cases far
beyond the riverbanks. Storm surge floods occur along the coastal areas of Bangladesh, which has
a coastline of about 800 km along the northern part of Bay of Bengal. In case of important cyclones
the entire coastal belt is flooded, sometimes causing great loss of lives. Coastal areas are also
subjected to tidal flooding from June to September.

During the last half-century, at least eight extreme flood events occurred affecting 50% of land area.
These extreme events are generated by excessive rainfall in the catchments. When water levels in
the three major river systems rises simultaneously and cross the danger marks (usually starting
from mid-July and continuing until mid-September), an extreme flood situation usually occurs all
over the country. Duration of these extreme events normally extends from 15 days to 45 days. This
was observed during those which occurred in 1987, 1988 and 1998, the latter having been the
severest one in terms of magnitude and duration.

                                                
1
 Bangladesh Water Development Board (BWDB)

  2
WMO/GWP Associated Programme on Flood Management
3. Flood management and mitigation strategies

Flood management strategies adopted in the country have continuously evolved over the last 50
years, in three distinct phases of their development, and with mixed experiences. Initially, the
emphasis was on  structural measures through the implementation of some large-scale flood
control, drainage and irrigation (FCDI) projects.  However, it was soon recognized that their
implementation involved large investments, as well as longer duration for their completion. It was
then opted for the construction of small and medium scale FCD projects so as to provide early
benefits. Thereafter, it was realized that water resources development should not be focused only
on agriculture but take also into account other sectors related to water resources utilization and
development. Environmental protection also came to the fore.

As a result, since the 1960’s about 628 large, medium and small-scale FCDI projects have been
implemented; they comprise levees and embankments, drainage channel improvements, drainage
structures, dams and barrages, pumping systems, etc. They have provided flood protection to
about 5.37 million ha of land, which is about 35% of the total area.

Non-structural measures such as flood forecasting and warning were later incorporated, as it was
felt that structural measures alone could not mitigate flood problems. The Flood Forecasting and
Warning System (FFWS), established in the 1970s, was modernized in 1996 and then again as of
2000. It now covers all the flood-prone areas of the country with 85 flood-monitoring stations, and
provides real-time flood information and early warning with lead-times of 24 and 48 hours. The
FFWS is currently assisting Government, disaster managers and the communities living in the
flood prone areas in matters of flood preparedness, preparation of emergency mitigation plans,
agricultural planning and rehabilitation, etc  

In addition, more emphasis is now put on other non-structural means for flood mitigation, in
particular by adopting a policy of involving communities in flood management, the stopping of
encroachments on the flood plains through legislation controlling the developments in the flood
plains and wetlands. In addition, a new concept is being introduced of controlled flooding as per
desire of the stakeholders, instead of protecting some areas to make them completely flood-free. A
pilot project was established in which flooding is allowed in each unit as decided by the
stakeholders through consultation among themselves.

4. Flood and water management instruments

Since ancient time legal instruments were used for flood management in the country. During the
latter part of 19th
 Century, many acts and rules for flood management were introduced, e.g.
Embankment Act, Drainage Act and Canal Act, etc. From the early sixties Government has
introduced some more acts to manage floods. Since there are some inconsistencies found in these
laws it has been decided to promulgate a unified law and work is now going on in framing a
National Water Code.

Bangladesh has developed a good hydrological data collection system all over the country, as well
as an integrated hydrological database with about 40 years of data. There is also a real-time water
level and rainfall data collection system from a selected number of stations for FFWS during
monsoon months. All these data are used for planning and design of different types of hydraulic
structures, construction of different infrastructures, etc.

During the last 40 years Government has invested approximately USD 4 billion in the water sector,
mainly for FCDI projects. Annually about USD 200 million are disbursed for water and flood
management.  

  3
WMO/GWP Associated Programme on Flood Management

5. Institutions responsible for flood management

About 53 central government organizations and 13 ministries are identified to be involved in water
and different stages of flood management, and a National Water Council (NWC) was set up to
coordinate all the various activities of the Agencies and Departments involved in the water sector.
Of those organizations involved in different stages of flood management, the following may be
mentioned:

(i)  Water Resources Planning Organization -  macro planning of water resources
management;
(ii)  Bangladesh Water Development Board -  feasibility studies, implementation, operation
and maintenance of flood management projects, real-time data collection for flood
forecasting and warning services, dissemination of flood information at national and
regional levels;
(iii)  Joint River Commission - to conduct negotiations for data and information exchange on
trans-boundary rivers;
(iv)  Bangladesh Meteorological Department (BMD) - long, medium and short range weather
forecasting and dissemination;
(v)  Local Government Engineering Departments –  implementation, operation and
management of small-scale FCD projects;
(vi)  Disaster Management Bureau (DMB) -  dissemination of all information on natural
disaster, including flood information at community level, flood preparedness awareness
building, etc.;
(vii)  Directorate of Relief -  conducting relief and rehabilitation operation in flood hit areas;
and
(viii)  Local Government Institutions (LGI) - implementation of small scale flood management
projects, flood information dissemination, relief and rehabilitation of flood victims.

The principal national institution concerned with flood management is the BWDB. The JRC and
BWDB carry out international and regional data and information exchange. BWDB disseminates all
kinds of flood information to all related Government Departments and Organizations.

Flood management relating to water management at national level is co-coordinated by the
abovementioned National Water Council and the Ministry of Water Resources. Flood management
relating to disaster management is co-coordinated by the National Disaster Management Council,
particularly by the Ministry of Disaster Management and Relief. Over-all coordination during the
flood event is the responsibility of the latter Ministry and the Inter-Ministerial Disaster Management
Committee.

The Government has made flood management as a participatory activity. Up-dated Guide Lines
For Participatory Water Management have been prepared to involve all kinds of stakeholders, both
at national and local levels. Public consultation has been made compulsory for any flood
management project. Some pilot studies have recently been completed to ensure effective
peoples’ participation in dissemination, as well as in flood preparedness activities at the community
level. Methodologies were developed for constituting Community Based Organizations for flood
management. Intensive consultation and training were conducted for the local people to develop
their capacity for dissemination of flood information and preparedness.

6. Policy

In the early eighties, a National Water Plan was formulated to address various aspects of water
use and demand and the interests of different stakeholders involved in the water sector. A Flood
Action Plan was implemented from 1990-1996, on the basis of which a National Flood and Water
Management Strategy was formulated in 1996. It already included policy guidelines for peoples’

  4
WMO/GWP Associated Programme on Flood Management
participation, Environmental Impact Assessment (EIA) and multi-criteria analysis during planning
process in all future water sector projects.

In 1999 the National Water Policy (NWPo) was introduced, which guides all the activities in the
water sector. Subsequently, a National Water Management Plan (NWMP) was prepared in 2001,
cross-cutting different sectors of national economy in the light of Integrated Water Resources
Management, to address conflicting water needs and to ensure equitable water use and balanced
economic growth, into the next 25 years. The Plan includes also the management of water-induced
disasters, e.g. floods, erosion and droughts. A Comprehensive Disaster Management Plan (CDMP)
and Disaster Management Guidelines were also prepared, in which the responsibilities of different
agencies involved in disaster mitigation activities are delineated during pre-disaster preparedness,
rescue and evacuation operation during disaster and post-disaster relief and rehabilitation.

7. Main lessons learned

Bangladesh has learnt many lessons from its experiences of the last 50 years in flood
management, namely:

• Flood management activities should not be a stand-alone approach but rather an integrated
approach in line with IWRM.

• Flood management should a combination of both structural and non-structural measures.

• The process of flood management should be a participatory one; especially communities
should be pro-actively involved.

• Flood management activities should be sustainable.

• Technical considerations should not preclude socio-economic considerations.

• Flood management should directly contribute to poverty reduction or alleviation in the
developing countries.

2nd Day Forest

Forest
Forests are the largest natural resource in terms of area coverage. A majority of the Nepalese people use the products of forests for firewood, fodder, timber, and medicines. As a result, the forest has dwindled in both area and quality due to the constantly increasing demands of the people for forest products (Table 2.3) .
About 29% of the area of Nepal is under forest coverage and 10.6% is under shrubs or so-called degraded forest coverage. The forest area, which was 45% in 1966 and 37% in 1986, has declined considerably. Conversely, the shrub land area doubled from 5% in early 1980 to 10.6% in mid-1990. The annual deforestation rate is estimated to be 1.7% (DFRS 1999). The following are the major characteristic features of forest resources.
• About 80% of the total population depend on forests for fuelwood (WECS 1997). The fuel consumption for household and industrial biomass is estimated to be 15.4 million tonnes per year for 2000 compared to 11.3 million tonnes per year in 1985. Per capita fuelwood consumption in the Hills is estimated to be 640 kg, while it is 479 kg/person/yr for the Terai. The per capita timber consumption per annum was estimated at 0.07 m 3 /yr in 1985 and will increase to 0.11 m 3 /year by the year 2000. The timber demand at national level was projected to be about 2.5 million m 3 by the year 2000.
• Forest products contribute about 42% of the total digestible nutrients (TDN) of cattle. If the present conditions continue, the fodder supply for the TDN requirement will be in deficit by about 0.2 million tonnes by the year 2010 for the country as a whole (HMG/ADB/FINNIDA 1988).
• Between 1986 and 1999 about 0.155 million hectares of forest area were consumed by such uses as settlement, agriculture, institutional buildings, and roads (DFRD 1999). Thus, the per capita forest declined from 0.630 in 1964 to 0.442 in 1979 and further to 0.198 hectares in 1998.
• The forest area in the Terai region declined by 0.1 million hectares between the late 1950s and 1985 due to the planned resettlement programmes undertaken in the forest area. About an equal area of the forest was occupied illegally by migrants for settlement during the same period.
• The forest area has also declined due to continued extraction of non-timber forest products (NTFPs). Revenue through trade in NTFPs doubled from a current price of US$ 0.4 million in 1985 to US$ 0.8 million in 1997 (MoF 1999). Five out of over 100 plant species used in the trade include bojho (Acorus calamus), kutki (Picrorhiza kurroa), padamchal (Rheum emodi), chiraito (Swertia chirayita) and sugandawal (Valeriana wallichii).
• One striking feature of forest resource development undertaken recently is leasehold forest managed through users’ groups. In 1993, a total of 270 hectares of state-managed forest was handed over to user groups for leasehold forest and it was increased to over 1,100 hectares in 1996.
• Sustainable management and development of forests through involving communities as forest user groups is very important with regard to forest development in the country. In 1999, the government handed over a total of about 0.606 million hectares of state-owned forest to over 8,300 community forestry user groups for development, conservation, management, and sustainable use of the forests. A total of 0.929 million people is directly benefited by being members of user groups.
• Another feature of forest conservation is to manage the forest area in protected areas such as national parks, wildlife reserves, and conservation areas. Such protected areas have increased from 0.976 million hectares in 1984 to 2.476 million hectares in 1998.

Environmental Management Day 1

1.     ENVIRONMENTAL MANAGEMENT

Program:          M.Ed EESD

Course Code:  EESD 504

Nature of the Course: Theory and Practical

Credit Hours:  3 Credit Hours

Instructor:       Professor Amulya Ratna Tuladhar

Date:               Spring Semester 2010

Course Description and Objectives

The syllabus of EESD 504 Environmental Management has been designed for students of the Masters of Education Program in Environmental Education and Sustainable Development of Kathmandu University. Having had courses in the Fundamentals of Ecology; Environment and Sustainable Development; Global Change; and Humans and Environment, these students will now be exposed to theoretical and practical tools for solving and managing some of the key environmental problems.

The selection of environmental problems and management approaches is focused on using Nepal as the key case study and Bangladesh where possible. Since Nepal’s and Bangladesh’s environmental problems and management are primarily still rural and natural resource based with about 85% of the people still in villages, the course structure reflects due emphasis on this sector over urban environmental issues. The course will end with a review of overall Environmental Management Theory and Tools that can be useful for Nepal and Bangladesh

Course Content

The following environmental issues will be covered:

1.                  Population Challenge

2.                  Forest Cover Change

3.                  Biodiversity Loss

4.                  Land Degradation

5.                  Floodwater damage

6.                  Global Climate Change

7.                  Air and Noise Pollution

8.                  Water and Solid Waste Pollution

9.                  Environmental Management Theory and Tools

For each of these issues, the lecture template will discuss the major problems and management solutions attempted at the global scale and in particular Nepal or Bangladesh  scale. Students will be exposed to both the macroscale overview of problems and the science and human dimensions involved as well as microscale specificities of actual solutions attempted and their relative successes in the country case study. Throughout the student teacher interaction, emphasis will be on synthesizing the need to approach the issues from multiple theoretical and practical angles that challenge students from academic backgrounds of sciences, business, education and humanities.

In addition to the Theory lectures, there will be 3 practical hands-on exercises. They are:

1.                  Field visit to an Urban Pollution management by Technological Approach such as the Guheswori Sewage Treatment Plant or a Landfill site.

2.                  Field visit to a Natural Resource management site such as the Godavari ICIMOD Demonstration Site of Usable Mountain Environmental Conservation Techniques

3.                  Computer Lab Analysis using Space Age Technologies of Google Earth to understand Global Climate Change Effects on Glacier Lakes and Protected Areas of Nepal and Flood damage in Nepal and Bangladesh.

Grading Policy

Students will be graded as follows:

Internal Evaluation:    40% of your final grade as follows:

1.                  Math oriented Analysis of Demographic Transition Curve Application for Nepal.                                                               PAPER = 5 %

2.                  English and Social Theory Oriented Term Paper on critiquing any of the Environmental Issues covered in Class.         PAPER = 5 %

3.                  Practical Participation in Real Life Examples of Environmental Management in the Field and Labs. PARTICIPATION = 5 % EACH OR     15 % TOTAL.

4.                  Seminars   = 15 %

External Evaluation:   60% of your final grade in Final End of Term Written Exam.

Teaching Resources

1.                  ENVIRONMENTAL MANAGEMENT COMPEDIUM

This will be a detailed list of all the readings materials that are assigned as MUST READ as well as RECOMMENDED READINGS for those who want to delve further into a given issue for their Term Projects or later reference. This COMPEDIUM will also give a list of INTERNET RESOURCES in terms of helpful web sites or downloaded documents which students might want to read.

2.                  MUST READ ASSIGNMENTS will be given to students each day. Generally they will cover an introductory article and a state of the art critique of environmental management of the issue discussed. The Final Examination will be based on these readings and class lecture notes.

3.                  CLASS PARTICIPATION. Students are expected to be present in ALL CLASSES, Seminars, AND FIELD TRIPS and LAB WORK. Marks are explicitly awarded for FIELD AND LAB PARTICIPATION. Students who are unable to participate should contact the Professor for alternate work to be graded.

4.                  RECOMMENDED READINGS. These readings may be in hard prints available in the COMPEDIUM or soft copies, given in class as digital files and folders of documents, internet sites. Students are expected to make copies, read them at least once to know what is covered in each one so they know where to look for information for their Term Papers or Examination or future reference.

Lesson Plan

Day Date	Environment Problem	Environmental Management	Teaching Tools Student Participation
1. Feb 16 2010	Population	Population Control	Lectures, A/V presentation, Readings, Theory Paper on DTM of Nepal Lecture, Readings
2. Feb 23, 2010	Forest Degradation	Community Forestry
3. Mar 2, 2010	Biodiversity Loss	Biodiversity Conservation	Lecture, A/V, Readings, Lecture, Readings,
4. Mar 9, 2010	Land Degradation: Soil Erosion and Fertility Loss	Soil Fertility Conservation, Policy Reform, Rigorous Research
5. Mar 16, 2010	Floods.            Flood Control, Hazard management
6. Mar 23, 2010	FIELD TRIP TO GODAVARI  ICIMOD RESEARCH STATION
7. Mar 30, 2010	Global Climate Change Effects	GLOF management, Carbon Trade for Biogas, Community Forests	Lecture., A/V, Readings
8. April 6, 2010  COMPUTER LAB: GOOGLE EARTH OF GLOFS AND   PROTECT. AREAS
9. April 13, 2010  SEMINAR 1: TEAM PRESENTATION
10. April 20, 2010         Field Visit  GUHESWORI  Sewage Treatment PLANT
11. April 27, 2010	Air and Noise Pollution	Technical and Policy Tools	Lecture, A/V, Readings
12. May 4,2010	Water/Solid Waste Pollution	Technical and policy tools	Lecture, A/V, Readings
13. May 11, 2010	SEMINAR 2 TEAM
14. May 18, 2010	Environment Management Theory/Tools	Environment Management in Nepal	Lecture, A/V, Readings
15. May 25,V2010	DAY 14 LECTURES CONTINUED
16. June 1, 2010	SEMINAR 3 INDIVIDUAL
17. JUNE 8, 2010
18. JUNE 15, 2010	FINAL WRITTEN EXAM REVIEW

P.S. For details of references, course content, please see the Compendium for Environmental Management.

ENVIRONMENTAL              MANAGEMENT

A COMPENDIUM OF READINGS FOR:

Program:  Med in Environmental Education and Sustainable Development

Course Code:           EESD 504

Nature of the Course:         Theory and Practical

Credit Hours:            3 Credit Hours

Instructor:      Professor Amulya Ratna Tuladhar

Date:         Spring 2010

[MUST READ for final exam are highlighted in bold for all topics below]

 

POPULATION CHALLENGE & CONTROL

Readings:

1.                  The Population Bomb. Wikipedia, 2006.

2.                  Thomas Malthus: “A Summary View of the Principle of Population”. Encyclopedia Britannica. 1830.

3.                  GEO-2000: Chapter One: Global Perspectives on the Key Drivers. UNEP.

4.                  World Population, More than Just Numbers. PRB, 2006.

5.                  World Population Growth Trends in Power Point Handouts. PRB. 2006

6.                  The Demographic Transition in Power Point Handouts. PRB. 2006.

7.                  Nepal Demographic Statistics. PRB. 2006.

Supplemental Resources in pdf, internet web sites, available in Folder Package for this Chapter:

1.      CHAPTER 2: POPULATION SIZE, GROWTH AND DISTRIBUTION. - Ritu Pantha*and - Bharat Raj Sharma **. CBS Population Monograph.

2.      Part Two: Census 2001 Indicators of Nepal Population. ICIMOD.

3.   Population Trends. ICIMOD/CBS.

FOREST DEGRADATION & COMMUNITY FORESTRY CRITIQUES

Readings:

1.      GEO-2000: Chapter Two: The State of the Environment, Regional Synthesis of Forests. UNEP. 2006.

2.      Chapter 4: Forestry and Biodiversity: Environment Assessment of Nepal, Emerging Issues and Challenges. ADB/ICIMOD. 2007.

3.      Nepal’s Forest Policies on Community Forestry Development: the Government Perspective.  Keshav Raj Kanel. 2006. ICIMOD: “Capitalisation and Sharing of Experiences on the Interaction between Forest Policies and Land Use Patterns in Asia, Linking People with Resources, Volume 2 Technical Papers.

4.      Community Forestry: A Critical Assessment, The Case of Nepal. Sabine Haussler. “The Ecologist”.Vol23.1993.

5.      Deforesting the Social Construction of Deforestation, A Book Review of “The Social Dynamics of Deforestation”. Amulya R. Tuladhar. “Professional Geographer”. 1997.

6.      Latest statistics on Nepal forests from Forest Ministry web page.

BIODIVERSITY LOSS & CONSERVATION

 Readings:

 

1.            BIODIVERSITY. E. O. Wilson. 1988. National Academy Press.

2.            GEO-2000 Chapter Two: Biodiversity. UNEP. 2006.

3.            Millennium Ecosystem Assessment Findings: Biodiversity Synthesis. www.MAweb.org. 2006.

4.            Sustaining Agricultural Biodiversity. UKabc2006.

5.            Status Review National Strategies for Sustainable Development: Forestry/Rangeland/Biodiversity. Tirtha Bahadur Shrestha. IUCN 2001.

6.            Opportunities for Income through Biodiversity Conservation. Eklabya Sharma et al. IUCN 2005.

7.                  BIODIVERISTY, A THIRD WORLD PERSPECTIVE. Vandana Shiva. 1990.

8.                  Biodiversity: Environmental Problem and Management, Power Point handout by Prof. A.R.Tuladhar. 2007.

9.                  GOOGLE EARTH MAP OF PROTECTED AREAS OF NEPAL.

LAND DEGRADATION & MANAGEMENT

Readings:

1.      Land Resources and Land Degradation. Chapter 3. Environment Assessment of Nepal, Emerging Issues and Challenges, ADB/ICIMOD. 2006.

2.      An Integrated Nutrient Management System for Sustaining Soil Fertility in Nepal Hills. D.B.Sherchan et al. Pakhribas. ICIMOD, 1995.

3.      The Nepal middle mountains. N.S.Jodha. In “Regions at Risk” UN University. 1995.

4.      Upstream-downstream in the Himalayas, An Old Debate revisited. R. J. Wasson. ICIMOD, 2005.

5.      4. The erosion problem in crowded Nepal – crisis of environment or crisis of explanation? IN “Land Degradation and Society” by Piers Blaikie and Harold Brookfield, 1987.

6.      Environmental Crisis and Development Discourse in the Nepal Himalaya. Julie Harriet Guthman. U of California, Berkeley. 1995.

GLOBAL CLIMATE CHANGE EFFECTS &

LOCAL RESPONSES

Readings:

1.                  Global Climate, A long way to go yet.  John Vidal. “The Guardian” Dec 21, 2007.

2.                  Glacial Lake Outburst Floods and Risk Engineering in the Himalaya.  Jack d. Ives, ICIMOD. 1986.

3.                  Chapter 7: Air Pollution and Climate Change. “Environment Assessment of Nepal, Emerging Issues and Challenges.” ADB/ICIMOD. 2006.

4.                  Climate Change and its implications for human health in the Himalaya. Mats Eriksson. ICIMOD, 2006.

5.                  Saving Global Carbon to Benefit Local Communities. K. Banskota and Ngmindra Dahal. ICIMOD, 2006.

6.                  The Carbon Market as an Emerging Livelihood Opportunity for Communities the Himalaya. A. Tiwari and P. Phartiyal. ICIMOD, 2006.

7.               GOOGLE EARTH MAP OF GLOFS OF NEPAL. ICIMOD.2007

URBAN ENVIRONMENTAL PROBLEMS & MANAGEMENT: 

AIR AND NOISE POLLUTION

Readings:

1.                  GEO-2000 The State of the Environment: Urban Areas. UNEP. 2006.

2.                  Chapter 8 Urban Environment. “Environment Assessment of Nepal.”

ADB/ICIMOD, 2006.

3.                  Air Resources. In “Environmental Studies” by A.K.De et al. 2005.

4.                  Solutions: Preventing and Reducing Air Pollution.  “Living in the Environment” by G. Tyler Miller, 2002.

5.                  Air Quality and Traffic Management. “Kathmandu Valley Environment Outlook, 2007”. ICIMOD.

6.                  Noise Pollution. “Environmental Pollution” N. Manivasakam. 2002.

7.               FOR LATEST DETAILS ON URBAN POLLUTION OF KATHMANDU VALLEY, THE FULL BOOK IS AVAILABLE AT www.icimod.org/publications/books on-line.

URBAN ENVIRONMENTAL PROBLEMS & MANAGEMENT: 

WATER POLLUTION AND WASTE MANAGEMENT

Readings:

1.                  Water Pollution. In “Environmental Studies” by A. K. De et al 2005.

2.                  Waste Management. In “Environmental Management” by N.K.Uberoi, 2003.

3.                  Waste Management. In “Kathmandu Valley Environment Outlook.” ICIMOD, 2007.

ENVIRONMENTAL MANAGEMENT:

THEORY, TOOLS, APPLICATIONS IN NEPAL.

Readings:

1.                  Environmental Management, Chapter 5. In “Principles of Environmental Science, Engineering and Management.” By Dr. A. M. Thirumurthy. SPD, India. 2004.

2.                  Risk, Toxicology and Human Health. In “Environmental Quality and Pollution, Part IV” by G. Tyler Miller. Living in the Environment. 2002.

3.                  Problems and Policy Recommendations for Kathmandu Valley. In “Kathmandu Valley Environment Outlook.” ICIMOD, 2007.

4.                  List of Key Environmental Laws and Related Legislation in Nepal, Appendix 14.1 and Appendix 14.2 Some Common Constraints Faced by Nepal in Implementation of Environmental Impact Assessment, and Annex: Millennium Development Goals and the Environment in Nepal. In “Environment Assessment of Nepal, Emerging Issues and Challenges”. ICIMOD, 2006.

BANGLADESH ADDENDUM: TO BE SUPPLIED LATER IN CLASS